Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology that is characterized by the progressive destruction of articular structures. The accumulation of inflammatory cells in the joint and the transformation of the healthy synovial membrane into a hyperplasic and aggressive pannus tissue constitute important steps in the pathology of RA. The synthesis and secretion of inflammatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines as well as the release of matrix degrading enzymes play a decisive role and have, therefore, become of interest for novel therapeutic strategies, among the gene therapy. This article summarizes the principles and current developments of gene therapy in RA and gives an overview about available vector systems and target genes.